Risk
Each project's uncertain inputs are Monte-Carlo'd with correlation into an NPV distribution — not a single number. Red is the loss region (NPV<0); the dashed line is the CVaR downside tail. The tornado ranks which inputs actually move NPV.
plating-line — New plating line
Mean NPV 103 · P(NPV<0) 0.09 · CVaR -40
robot-cell — Robotic work cell
Mean NPV 121 · P(NPV<0) 0.05 · CVaR -21
power-upgrade — Electrical service upgrade
Mean NPV -46 · P(NPV<0) 0.98 · CVaR -93
tank-monitoring — Tank-monitoring retrofit
Mean NPV 67 · P(NPV<0) 0.00 · CVaR 27
paint-booth-east — Paint capacity — east line
Mean NPV 57 · P(NPV<0) 0.15 · CVaR -46
paint-booth-west — Paint capacity — west line
Mean NPV 68 · P(NPV<0) 0.18 · CVaR -70
emissions-scrubber — Emissions scrubber (compliance)
Mean NPV -195 · P(NPV<0) 1.00 · CVaR -250
specialty-coating-line — Specialty-coating line
Mean NPV 281 · P(NPV<0) 0.30 · CVaR -887